Смертность от оспы в уральском городе (на примере Екатеринбурга начала XX в.)

Iulia Viktorovna Borovik

Аннотация


Оспа долгое время была в числе инфекций, вызывающих эпидемии с колоссальным количеством жертв. Значительно улучшить ситуацию помогло создание в 1796 г. безопасной вакцины. Однако, из-за обширного комплекса причин, часть которых была общей для многих государств, часть отражала страновую или региональную специфику, на борьбу с этим заболеванием ушло почти два столетия. Это время потребовалось не только для создания медицинских структур, обеспечивавших вакцинацию, но и для преодоления предубежденного отношения к ней у значительной части населения. Поэтому высокая смертность от оспы была связана как с проблемами обеспечения медицинской помощи, так и с устоявшейся системой ценностей и практик, которая наиболее динамично изменялась в городах. Статья посвящена смертности от оспы в начале XX в. в Екатеринбурге — крупном торгово-промышленном, транспортном, административном и культурном центре Среднего Урала с составом населения, разнообразным по социальной, этнической и конфессиональной принадлежности. Источником данных для анализа являются метрические книги городских приходов всех имевшихся в городе религиозных деноминаций. Основное внимание сосредоточено на трех религиозных направлениях: православных, старообрядцах и мусульманах. Выясняется зависимость уровня смертности от религиозной аффилиации, возраста, сословной принадлежности, миграционного статуса. Результаты исследования указывают на то, что созданная в городе медицинская инфраструктура и уровень противооспенных мер были эффективными и обеспечивали контроль над заболеваемостью оспой и предотвращение ее эпидемий, несмотря на активный приток в город мигрантов из местности, где признание необходимости прививок от оспы и возможности оспопрививательных служб были меньше.


Ключевые слова


история России; история Урала; город; религиозное сообщество; оспа; оспопрививание; эпидемии; медицина

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Литература


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.4.077

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