Строительная техника ранневизантийских укреплений Юго-Западной Таврики: историографическая традиция и археологические реалии

Anton Anatol’evich Dushenko

Аннотация


Система раннесредневековых фортификационных сооружений византийских владений в Юго-Западном Крыму является объектом научной дискуссии. Исследователи относили к ее составным частям укрепления, датировка которых не всегда имела твердое обоснование. Время строительства ряда укреплений определялось по косвенным признакам, в частности, по технике кладки оборонительных стен. В середине XX в. А. Л. Якобсон предложил датировать крымские укрепления, построенные в технике квадровой кладки, временем правления Юстиниана I. В статье доказывается, что эта техника, появившаяся в эпоху эллинизма, применялась при строительстве оборонительных стен в течение всей истории Византии и не может рассматриваться в качестве самостоятельного хронологического индикатора. В статье рассматриваются материалы археологических исследований двенадцати укреплений Юго-Западной Таврики, строительство которых датировалось исследователями эпохой раннего Средневековья. Результаты историографического анализа позволили выделить группу крепостей, строительство которых в VI в. подтверждено археологическими материалами: Мангуп-Кале, Эски-Кермен, Бакла, Сиваг-Кермен, Алустон. К этой группе также следует относить Горзувиты, где строительство фортификационных сооружений засвидетельствовано в трактате Прокопия Кесарийского «О постройках». Облицовка оборонительных стен квадрами зафиксирована на двух памятниках этой группы – Мангупе и Эски-Кермене. Панцири оборонительных стен остальных крепостей сложены из бута. Видимо, обе строительных техники применялись византийскими инженерами в Таврике одновременно. С определенной долей вероятности к раннему Средневековью могут быть отнесены крепости Чуфут-Кале, Каламита и укрепление в долине Каралез, однако для определения их точной датировки требуются дальнейшие археологические исследования.


Ключевые слова


Раннее Средневековье; Византия; Юго-Западный Крым; ранневизантийская фортификация; строительная техника; историография

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Литература


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2023.51.007

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