В поисках хазар на Мангупе: некоторые критические наблюдения над данными письменных и археологических источников

Valerii Evgen’evich Naumenko

Аннотация


В статье рассматриваются имеющиеся данные письменных и археологических источников о так называемом «хазарском» периоде в истории Мангупа-Дороса, крупнейшей византийской крепости в Горном Крыму в эпоху раннего Средневековья. Как показывают материалы новейших исследований, единственным источником, свидетельствующим о захвате хазарами крепости Дорос около 786– 787 гг. и пребывании здесь хазарского гарнизона, остается «Житие св. Иоанна Готского». Результаты современных раскопок памятника, напротив, указывают на кратковременный характер включения крепости в состав Хазарского каганата и отсутствие серьезных изменений в ее материальной культуре на протяжении VIII – первой половины IX в. Как и прежде, сохраняется этнический состав и основные виды занятий местного населения. Все выявленные ремонты раннесредневековых фортификационных сооружений соотносятся с деятельностью гарнизона крепости в первой половине VIII в. и середине IX – конце X в., когда она входила в состав византийских владений на территории Крыма. Особенно показательным выглядит эволюционное развитие ряда крупных поселенческих структур, открытых в последние годы в центральной части городища, которые свидетельствуют о постепенном формировании городского облика застройки Мангупа в течение VI–XI вв. и превращении его в типичный провинциально- византийский город. Приведенные в работе новые материалы исследований Мангупа-Дороса в «темные века» его истории имеют в целом важное значение для переосмысления сложившихся в историографии представлений о значительной роли Хазарского каганата в истории Крымской Готии и всего Крымского полуострова в VIII–IX вв.


Ключевые слова


Византия; «темные века»; хазары; салтово-маяцкая культура; Крымская Готия; Мангупское городище; крепость Дорос; «Житие св. Иоанна Готского»; ранневизантийский город

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Литература


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2024.52.010

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