Позднесредневековый Херсон по археологическим данным: к проблеме существования города в конце XIII – XIV в.

Nataliia Vitalievna Ginkut

Аннотация


В статье анализируются археологические находки, относящиеся к последней четверти XIII – XIV в., которые проливают свет на историю позднесредневекового Херсонеса (Херсона). После катастрофы, которую Херсон пережил в третьей четверти XIII в., городское поселение продолжало функционировать. Об этом свидетельствуют сохранившиеся в некоторых районах городища жилые помещения и захоронения в пределах бывших храмов и некрополей. Однако размеры города и численность его населения заметно сократились, жизнь в некоторых районах (северо-восточном, северном и отчасти западном) не возродилась. Жилые постройки и храмовые сооружения фиксируются в портовой, юго-восточной, центральной и юго-западной части городища. В первой половине XIV в. в Херсоне активно велась торговля, о чем свидетельствуют находки фрагментов импортной керамики и золотоордынских монет. Материальная культура местного населения в середине – второй половине XIV в. была на достаточно высоком уровне – в археологических слоях присутствует привозная керамика из византийских, испанских, итальянских и золотоордынских центров, в захоронениях обнаружены фрагменты дорогих тканей с серебряным и золотым шитьем. Все это позволяет говорить о том, что Херсон в конце XIII – XIV вв. являлся небольшим портовым городом, включенным в систему генуэзской торговли в Крыму.


Ключевые слова


Средневековый Крым; Херсон в последней четверти XIII – XIV в.; генуэзские колонии; Золотая Орда; археологические данные; поливная керамика

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2024.52.018

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