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Определение алифатических карбоновых кислот в растениях методом газовой хроматографии с предварительным прямым метилированием

I. V. Gruzdev, N. E. Veber, O. V. Skrotskaya

Аннотация


Алифатические (жирные) кислоты и тесно связанные с ними липиды различного строения – наиболее обширная группа органических соединений растений, которые могут выступать в роли маркеров физиологического состояния и степени воздействия факторов внешней среды на растение. Для определения алифатических карбоновых кислот (С12-С24) в растительных материалах предложен подход, предполагающий совмещение стадий их экстракции и дериватизации в среде метанола (one-step extraction/methylation method) с последующим определением полученных эфиров методом газовой хроматографии с пламенно-ионизационным (ГХ-ПИД) или масс-спектрометрическим (ГХ-МС) детектором. Проведена оптимизация извлечения кислот из растительных образцов и их метилирования по следующим параметрам: соотношение массы экстрагента и массы образца при экстрагировании, концентрация катионов водорода (катализатор), продолжительность экстрагирования и температура реакционной смеси. Показано, что при выбранных оптимальных условиях степень извлечения жирных кислот и липидов из растительного образца достигает 97-99 %. Разработана методика определения жирных кислот (С12-С24) в растительных материалах. Интервал определяемых содержаний 0.005-0.5 мг/г, относительная погрешность 15-20 %, масса навески – 0.2-0.25 г, общая продолжительность анализа – 2.5 ч. В лекарственных растениях – иссопе лекарственном (лат. Hyssopus officinalis) и пустырнике сердечном (лат. Leonurus cardiaca) оценен качественный и количественный состав жирных кислот. В исследуемых лекарственных растениях идентифицировано десять карбоновых кислот – семь насыщенных (додекановая, тетрадекановая, гексадекановая, октадекановая, эйкозановая, докозановая, тетракозановая) и три ненасыщенных (октадеценовая, октадекадиеновая, октадекатриеновая). В наибольших количествах в растениях семейства Lamiaceae содержатся гексадекановая и линоленовая кислоты.

 

Ключевые слова: лекарственные растения, алифатические карбоновые кислоты, экстракция, химическая модификация, газовая хроматография


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2025.29.4.004

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