О времени и обстоятельствах возникновения ямской гоньбы в русских землях

Oleg Vladimirovich Semenov

Аннотация


В статье на основе широкого круга источников и литературы рассматривается начальный период истории ямской гоньбы в русских землях, продолжавшийся до реформ Избранной рады. С необходимой полнотой восстановлена картина функционирования организованной связи на протяжении нескольких столетий. Вместе с тем пересмотрен ряд утвердившихся в историографии выводов. Установлено время и выяснены причины зарождения ямской гоньбы, проанализированы внутренние и внешние факторы, влиявшие на процессы ее становления и развития (воздействие со стороны монгольской, китайской, римской и византийской систем связи). Показана важная роль правильных сношений в деле государственного строительства, а также для внешней политики страны. Отдельное внимание уделено мероприятиям Ивана III, в княжение которого организованное сообщение функционировало как сложившийся институт. Воссоздана внешняя сторона ямского строя: дано описание ямской службы и ямов, определен объем полномочий местных властей в вопросах устройства и поддержания станций, охарактеризованы должностные лица ямского управления (ямщики, дьячки, дворники), проведено сравнение между организованной и неорганизованной формами правительственной связи. Отмечено негативное воздействие правильных сношений на материальное положение трудового населения, вынужденного отправлять ямскую повинность в натуральной и денежной форме (уплачивать ямские деньги).

Ключевые слова


ямская гоньба; ям; ямщик; ямская повинность; ямские деньги; подводы; организованное сообщение; Иван III.

Полный текст:

PDF

Литература


Akti istoricheskiie, sobrannie i izdannie Arkheograficheskoyu komissieyu [Historical Acts, Collected and Published by the Archaeographic Commission] (1841–1842) (Vol. 1–5). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia II-go otdeleniia sobstvennoi E. I. V. kanceliarii. (In Russian)

Akti, sobrannie v bibliotekakh i arkhivakh Rossiiskoi imperii Arkheographicheskoyu ekspedicieyu imperatorskoi Akademii nauk [Acts Collected in Libraries and Archives of the Russian Empire by the Archeological Expedition of the Imperial Academy of Sciences] (1836–1838) (Vol. 1–4). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia II-go otdeleniia sobstvennoi E. I. V. kanceliarii. (In Russian)

Ankhimyuk, Yu. V. (2001). Ustavnaia gramota Riazanskoi yamskoi slobode 1557 goda [A Charter of the Ryazan Yamskaya Sloboda, 1557]. In A. Antonov (Ed.), Russkii Diplomatarii (Vol. 7, pp. 286–292). M.: Drevlehranilishche. (In Russian)

Antonov, A. V. (Ed.). (1997–2008). Akti slujilikh zemlevladel’cev XV — nachala XVII veka [Acts of Service Landowners of the 15th — Early 17th Centuries] (Vols. 1–4). Moscow: Drevlekhranilishche. (In Russian)

Barkhudarov, S. G., Filin, F. P., Shmelev, D. N., & Bogatova, G. A. (Eds.). (1975–). Slovar’ russkogo iazika XI–XVII vv. [A Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 11th–17th Centuries] (Vols. 1–). Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian)

Bazilevich, K. V. (1924). Yamskaia gon’ba v drevnei Rossii [The Yam Messenger System in Ancient Russia]. Proletarii sviazi, 9, 455–458. (In Russian)

Beliaev, I. D. (1879). Lekcii po istorii russkogo zakonodatel’stva [Lectures on the History of Russian Legislation]. Moscow: Tipolitografiia S. A. Petrovskogo. (In Russian)

Bulgakov, M. B. (2010). Yamshchiki goroda Kolomni v XVII v. [Coachmen of Kolomna in the 17th Century]. In Istoriia i kul’tura Podmoskov’ia: problemy izucheniia i prepodavaniia: Materiali IV-i oblastnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferencii [The History and Culture of Moscow Region: Issues of Study and Teaching: Proceedings of the 4th Regional Research and Practice Conference] (pp. 20–25). Kolomna, MGOSGI. (In Russian)

D’iakonov, M. A. (1897). Akti, otnosiashchiesia k istorii tiaglogo naseleniia v Moskovskom gosudarstve [Acts Relating to the History of the Taxed Population of Muscovy] (Vol. 1–2). Yur’ev: Tipografiia K. Matisena. (In Russian)

D’iakonov, M. A. (1902). Razbor izdanii I. Ya. Gurlianda «Yamskaia gon’ba v Moskovskom gosudarstve do konca XVII veka», «Novgorodskie yamskie knigi 1586–1631 gg.» [A Study of I. Ya. Gurliand’s The Yam Messenger System in Muscovy before the Late 17th Century, Novgorod Yam Books of 1586–1631]. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. (In Russian)

Fedorovich, M. A., Orlova, A. F. & Medveckii, A. G. (1993). Istoriia moskovskoi pochti [The History of Moscow Mail] (Pt. 1–4) (Pt. 1). Moscow: Radio i svaz’. (In Russian)

Fedotov-Chekhovskoi, A. (Ed.). (1860–1863). Akti, otnosiashchiesia do grajdanskoi raspravi Drevnei Rossii [Acts Related to the Civil Reprisal of Ancient Russia] (Vol. 1–2). Kiev: Tipografiia I. i A. Davidenko. (In Russian)

Fisher, I. E. (1774). Sibirskaia istoriia s samogo otkritiia Sibiri do zavoevaniia sei zemli rossiiskim oruzhiem, sochinennaia na nemeckom iazike i v sobranii akademicheskom chitannaia chlenom Sankt-Peterburgskoi Akademii nauk i professorom drevnostei i istorii, takzhe chlenom istoricheskogo Gettingskogo sobraniia Iogannom Ebergardom Fisherom [Siberian History from the Discovery of Siberia until the Conquest of the Land by Russian Arms, Written in the German Language and Read by Member of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences and Professor of Antiquities and History, Member of the Göttingen Committee on History Johann Eberhard Fischer to the Learned Community]. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. (In Russian)

Golubinskii, E. E. (1900–1917). Istoriia russkoi cerkvi [A History of the Russian Church] (Vol. 1–2). Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia. (In Russian)

Gornung, M. B. (Ed.). (1997). Kniga Marko Polo [The Book of Marco Polo]. Moscow: Mysl’. (In Russian)

Grekov, B. D. (Ed.). (1952–1964). Akti social’no-ekonomicheskoi istorii Severo-Vostochnoi Rusi kоncа XIV — nachala XVII veka [Acts of the Socio-Economic History of North-Eastern Russia in the Late 14th — Early 16th Centuries] (Vols. 1–3). Moscow: Izdatel’stvo AN SSSR. (In Russian)

Grekov, B. D. (Ed.). (1954). Istoriia Mongol’skoi narodnoi respubliki [History of the Mongolian Popular Republic]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo AN SSSR. (In Russian)

Grekov, B. D. & Yakubovskii, A. Yu. (1950). Zolotaia Orda i ee padenie [The Golden Horde and Its Fall]. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo AN SSSR. (In Russian)

Gurliand, I. Ya. (1900a). K voprosu ob istochnike i vremeni proiskhozhdeniia yamskoi gon’bi v Drevnei Rusi (rech’, proiznesennaia 30 avgusta 1899 g. na akte Demidovskogo juridicheskogo liceia) [On the Source and Time of the Yam Messenger System Emergence in Old Rus’ (Speech Delivered on August 30, 1899 in the Meeting of Demidov Law Lyceum)]. Yaroslavl’: Tipografiia gubernskogo pravleniia. (In Russian)

Gurliand, I. Ya. (1900b). Yamskaia gon’ba v Moskovskom gosudarstve do konca XVII veka [The Yam Messenger System in Muscovy before the Late 17th Century]. Yaroslavl’: Tipografiia gubernskogo pravleniia. (In Russian)

Hagemeister, J. A. (1833). Raziskaniia o finansakh drevnei Rossii [Studies in Ancient Russian Finances]. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. (In Russian)

Herberstein, S. (1988). Zapiski o Moskovii [Notes on Muscovy]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo MGU. (In Russian)

Hrushhov, I. P. (1884). Ocherk yamskikh i pochtovikh uchrezhdenii ot drevnikh vremen do carstvovaniia Ekaterini II [A History of Yam and Post Offices from Ancient Times until the Reign of Catherine II]. Saint Petersburg: Izdanie A. Suvorina. (In Russian)

Ignat’ev, R. G. (1849). O drevnem yamskom uchrezhdenii v Rossii [On the Ancient Yam Institution in Russia]. Novgorodskie gubernskie vedomosti, 48, Otd. 2, Part unofficial, 246–253. (In Russian)

Ivanov, P. (2001). Sinii zipun, krasnii kushak [A Blue Homespun Coat, a Red Sash]. Rodina, 12, 54–60. (In Russian)

Kalachev, N. (Ed.). (1846–1875). Dopolneniia k Aktam istoricheskim, sobrannie i izdannie Arkheograficheskoiiu komissieiu [Additions to the Historical Acts, Collected and Published by the Archaeographic Commission] (Vol. 1–12). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia II-go otdeleniia sobstvennoi E. I. V. kanceliarii. (In Russian)

Kalachev, N. V. (Ed.). (1857–1884). Akti, otnosiashchiesia do iuridicheskogo bita Drevnei Rossii [Acts Relating to the Legal Issues of Ancient Russia] (Vol. 1–3). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. (In Russian)

Kanivec, S. (1869). Russkaia gosudarstvennaia pochta (Opit istoricheskogo ocherka) [State Russian Mail (A Historical Essay)]. Vestnik Evropi, 6, 278–305. (In Russian)

Karamzin, N. M. (1818–1829). Istoriia gosudarstva Rossiiskogo [History of the Russian State] (Vol. 1–12). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia N. Grecha. (In Russian)

Karamzin, N. M. (1989–1999). Istoriia gosudarstva Rossiiskogo [History of the Russian State] (Vol. 1–12). Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian)

Kashtanov, S. M. (1962). Khronologicheskii perechen’ immunitetnikh gramot XVI v. (prodolzhenie) [A Chronological List of 16th Century Privilege Papers (Continued)]. In M. N. Tikhomirov (Ed.), Arkheograficheskii Ejegodnik za 1960 (pp. 129–200). Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR. (In Russian)

Kashtanov, S. M. (1988). Finansi srednevekovoi Rusi [Finance of Medieval Russia]. Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian)

Klyuchevskii, V. O. (1994). Russkaia istoriia. Polnii kurs lekcii [Russian History. A Complete Course of Lectures] (Books 1–3). Moscow: Misl’. (In Russian)

Lavrent’evskaja letopis’ [Laurentian Chronicle] (1846). Polnoie Sobranie Russkikh Letopisei (Vol. 1). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia E. Pratca. (In Russian)

Leontovich, F. I. (1879). Drevnii mongolo-kalmickii ili oiratskii ustav vzyskanii [Ancient Mongolian-Kalmyk or Oirat Charter of Penalties]. Odessa: Tipografiia G. Ul’rikha. (In Russian)

Leshkov, V. N. (1852). Istoricheskii ocherk russkogo zakonodatel’stva o putiakh soobshheniia i iamskoi gon’be ili pochtakh [A Historical Sketch about Russian Legislation on Communication Ways and the Yam Relay Stations or Post Offices]. Moskvitianin, 1, 1–36. (In Russian)

Miliukov, P. N. (2010). Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul’turi [Essays on the History of Russian Culture] (Vol. 1–2). Moscow: Rossiiskaia politicheskaia encyclopedia. (In Russian)

Mokhov, A. S. (2011). Vedomstvo droma v X–XI vv. [The Byzantine Public Post in the 10th–11th Centuries]. Vizantiiskii vremennik, 70 (95), 25–36. (In Russian)

Mullov, P. A. (1864). Istoricheskoe obozrenie pravitel’stvennikh mer po ustroistvu gorodskogo obshchestvennogo upravleniia [A Historical Review of Government Measures for Urban Public Management]. Saint Petersburg: [s. n.]. (In Russian)

Nosov, N. E. (1957). Ocherki po istorii mestnogo upravleniia Russkogo gosudarstva pervoi polovini XVI veka [Essays on the History of Local Governmentin the Russian State of the First Half of the 16th Century]. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo AN SSSR. (In Russian)

Okladnikov, A. P. (Ed.). (1982). Krest’ianstvo Sibiri v epokhu feodalizma [Siberian Peasants under Feudalism]. Novosibirsk: Nauka. (In Russian)

Pamiatniki diplomaticheskikh snoshenii drevnei Rossii s derzhavami inostrannimi [Monuments of Ancient Russia’s Diplomatic Relations with the Foreign Countries] (Vol. 1–10). (1851–1871). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia II-go otdeleniia sobstvennoi E. I. V. kanceliarii. (In Russian)

Pashkova, T. I. (2000). Mestnoe upravlenie v Russkom gosudarstve pervoi polovini XVI veka (namestniki i volosteli) [Local Government in the Russian State in the 1st Half of the 16th Century (Governors and Volostels)]. Moscow: Drevlekhranilishche. (In Russian)

Pian del Carpine, G. da. (1997). Istoriia mongalov [Ystoria Mongalorum]. Moscow: Misl’. (In Russian)

Pokrovskii, M. N. (2009). Ocherk istorii russkoi kul’turi [A Concise History of Russian Culture]. Moscow: LIBROKOM. (In Russian)

P-skii, M. (1848). Istoriia pochti [Postal History]. Moskovskie vedomosti, 122, 1111–1113. (In Russian)

Reutenfels, J. (1905). Skazaniia svetleishemu gercogu Toskanskomu Koz‘me Tret‘emu o Moskovii (Paduia, 1680 g.) [Tales to His Highness Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo III about Muscovy (Padua, 1680)]. Chteniia v Obshchestve istorii i Drevnostei Rossiiskikh, Kn. 3. Otd. 2, 1–128. (In Russian)

Russkaia istoricheskaia biblioteka [Russian Historical Library] (Vol. 1–40). (1872–1927). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Panteleevikh. (In Russian)

Semenov, O. V. (2006). Stanovlenie i evolyuciia sistemi mestnogo upravleniia na Urale vo vtoroi polovine XV — pervoi polovine XVII v. [On the Establishment and Evolution of the System of Local Governance in the Urals in the 2nd Half of the 15th –1st Half of the 17th Century]. Yekaterinburg: Bank kul’turnoi informacii. (In Russian)

Shedling, M. Yu. (1926). Ocherki po istorii mirovoi pochti [Essays on the History of World Mail]. Moscow: Svaz’. (In Russian)

Shishkin, N. I. (1891). Istoriia goroda Kasimova s drevneishih vremen [A History of the Town of Kasimov since Ancient Times]. Ryazan’: Tipolitigrafiia N. Malashkina. (In Russian)

Sobranie gosudarstvennikh gramot i dogovorov, khraniashchikhsia v gosudarstvennoi Kollegii inostrannikh del [A Collection of Governmental Charters and Treaties Kept in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs] (1813–1894). (Pts. 1–5). Moscow: Tipografiia N. S. Vsevolozhskogo. (In Russian)

Solov’ev, S. M. (1993–1998). Istoriia Rossii s drevneishikh vremen [A History of Russia since Ancient Times] (Books 1–18). Moscow: Golos. (In Russian)

Sreznevskii, I. I. Materiali dlia slovaria drevnerusskogo iazyka po pis’mennim pamiatnikam [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language Based on Written Monuments] (1893–1912) (Vols. 1–3). Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk. (In Russian)

Tcherepnin, L. V. (1948–1951). Russkie feodal’nie arhivi XIV–XV vekov [Russian Feudal Archive of the 14th–15th Centuries] (Pts. 1–2). Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo AN SSSR. (In Russian)

Tcherepnin, L. V. (Ed.). (1951–1961). Akti feodal’nogo zemlevladeniia i khoziaistva [Acts of Feudal Land Tenure and Economy] (Pts. 1–3). Moscow: Izdatel’stvo AN SSSR. (In Russian)

Tcherepnin, L. V. (Ed.). (1952–1963). Pamiatniki russkogo prava [Monuments of Russian Law] (Vols. 1–8). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoie izdatel’stvo juridicheskoi literaturi. (In Russian)

Tolstoy, D. A. (1848). Istoriia finansovikh uchrezhdenii Rossii so vremeni osnovaniia gosudarstva do konchini imperatrici Ekaterini II [A History of Financial Institutions in Russia from the Establishment of the State until the Death of Empress Catherine II]. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia K. Zhernokova. (In Russian)

Vakhrameev, I. A. (Ed.). (1896). Istoricheskie akti Yaroslavskogo Spasskogo monastiria [Historic Acts of Yaroslavl Spassky Monastery] (Vol. 1–4). Moscow: Sinodal’naia tipografiia. (In Russian)

Veselovskii, S. B. (2008). Moskovskoe gosudarstvo: XV–XVII vv. Iz nauchnogo naslediia [Moscow State: 15th–17th centuries. From Scientific Heritage]. Moscow: AIRO–XXI. (In Russian)

Vigilev, A. N. (1977–1979). Istoriia otechestvennoi pochti [A History of National Mail] (Pts. 1–2). Moscow: Svaz’. (In Russian)

Yushkov, A. (Ed). (1898). Akty, predstavlennye v Razriadnyi prikaz predstaviteliami sluzhilykh familii posle otmeny mestnichestva [Acts Listed in the Order-in-Charge by Representatives of Servicemen Families after the Abolition of Mestnichestvo] (Pts. 1–2). Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia. (In Russian)

Zhukov, E. M. (Ed.). (1955–1965). Vsemirnaja istoriia [World History] (Vol. 1–10). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoie izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literaturi. (In Russian)




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2016.1.009

Ссылки

  • На текущий момент ссылки отсутствуют.


Bookmark and Share


© (website) Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б. Н. Ельцина

Адрес редакции: 620000, Екатеринбург, пр. Ленина, 51. «Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2. Гуманитарные науки»

E-mail: izvestia.2@yandex.ru