Об освоении греческого языка готами и аланами Горного Крыма

Aleksandr Il’ich Aibabin

Аннотация


Готы и аланы поселились в Горном Крыму около середины III в. Восточная Римская империя для укрепления северной границы проводила политику интеграции приграничных варваров. В Горном Крыму готы и аланы в результате политического и идеологического взаимодействия, а также торговли с Херсоном и другими городами Восточной Римской империи освоили греческий язык. В регионе ранними надписями на греческом языке являются дипинти на изготовленных в Гераклее Понтийской в IV – начале V в. светлоглиняных узкогорлых амфорах типа F по классификации Д. Б. Шелова. Согласно текстам жития возглавлявшего антихазарское восстание св. Иоанна Готского, переписки Феодора Студита с архимандритом Готии и официальных церковных документов, с момента создания Готской епархии греческий язык был единственным языком богослужения в храмах и монастырях Готии. Клирики и монахи способствовали распространению греческого языка у готов и алан. В VIII–XIII вв. в захоронениях в храмах и устроенных рядом с ними некрополях повсеместно эпитафии начинались с одной из типичных для Византии формул: Φῶς ζωή («Свет – жизнь»), Κύριε, βοήθει… («Господи, помоги…»), Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς νηκᾷ («Иисус Христос побеждает»), Ἐκοιμήθη («упокоился, почил») и др. Рассмотренные материалы дают основание говорить о том, что к IX в. готы и аланы освоили греческий язык, который в IX–XIII вв. доминировал в Готии. В нескольких письменных источниках зафиксировано сохранение в первой половине XIII в. также готского и аланского языков. В середине XVI в. готы Горного Крыма говорили, в основном, на греческом языке. Письменные источники фиксируют ограниченные функции крымско-готского диалекта в XVI в. и начало его вымирания.

Ключевые слова


Византия; Юго-Западный Крым; Эски-Кермен; Бакла; готы; аланы; греческий язык; граффити; эпитафия

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Литература


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/adsv.2021.49.006

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