ISSN: 0320-4472 (Print)
ISSN: 2687-0398 (Online)
Целью статьи является определение основных черт и особенностей костюма оседлого населения Боспора Киммерийского в гуннскую эпоху (последняя треть IV – середина V в.). Элементы мужского костюма представлены в основном металлическими деталями ременной гарнитуры пояса и обуви. Женский костюм этой эпохи принадлежит нескольким традициям: понтийской, германской и понтогерманской. Понтийская традиция характеризуется наличием элементов женского убора (серьги, ожерелья, браслеты, металлические аппликации) при отсутствии фибул, типичных для германцев. Костюм германской традиции включает две парных фибулы, находившиеся на плечах или пекторальной части. Понто- германский костюм включает как германские фибулы, так и элементы понтийского костюма. Основными предметами, определяющими специфику костюма Боспора Киммерийского в гуннское время, являются некоторые типы гарнитуры пояса и обуви, фибулы местной традиции, металлические накладки-аппликации, металлические пронизи, ожерелья с конусовидными подвесками и лунницами, калачевидные и трехлепестковые серьги, металлические зеркала с центральной петлей, браслеты с зооморфными окончаниями. В костюме боспорян гуннского времени присутствуют и другие элементы, зона распространения которых охватывает огромные территории, и поэтому они не могут считаться типично боспорскими. К ним можно отнести фибулы-цикады, серьги с многогранником на одном конце, браслеты с расширенными концами, «хоботковидные» пряжки и др. Вместе с тем характерные для понтийского / боспорского костюма элементы также широко распространяются в Европе гуннского времени. Все это придает боспорскому костюму эпохи Великого переселения народов вполне интернациональный характер, типичный для оседлого населения как на территории Римской империи, так и в прилегающих регионах Барбарикума.
Abakarov, A. I., & Davudov, O. M. (1993). Arheologicheskaia karta Dagestana [Archaeological Map of Dagestan]. Moscow: Nauka.
Ambroz, A. K. (1966). Fibuly iuga evropeiskoi chasti SSSR II v. do n. e. – IV v. n. e. [Brooches from the South of the European Part of the USSR, Second Century BC to Fourth Century AD]. Moscow: Nauka.
Anke, B. (1998). Studien zur Reiternomadischen Kultur des 4. bis 5. Jahrhunderts. Weissbach: Beier&Beran.
Ben Abed, A. (2008a). Le trésor de Thuburbo Majus (Tunisie). In J.-J. Aillagon (Ed.), Rome et les Barbares. La naissance d’un nouveau monde (pp. 334–336). Venise: Skira.
Ben Abed, A. (2008b). Présence vandale dans le pays de Carthage. In J.-J. Aillagon (Ed.), Rome et les Barbares. La naissance d’un nouveau monde (pp. 331–333). Venise: Skira.
Butyagin, A. M. (Ed.). (2009). Taina zolotoi maski: katalog vystavki [Secret of the Golden Mask: Exhibition Catalogue]. St Petersburg: Hermitage Museum.
Dumberg, K. E. (1901). Izvlechenie iz otcheta o raskopkakh grobnits v g. Kerchi i ego okrestnostiakh v 1899 g. [Excerpt from the Report on the Excavations of the Tombs in the Town of Kerch and its Environs in 1899]. Izvestiia Imperatorskoi arkheologicheskoi komissii, 1, 80–93.
Ermolin, A. L. (2009). Krovavo-zolotoi stil’ “kluazonne” v iuvelirnykh izdeliiakh Bospora (po materialam nekropolia Dzhurga-Oba) [Blood-and-Gold Cloisonné Style in Bosporan Jewellery Based on Materials from the Cemetery of Dzhurga-Oba]. In V. Yu. Zuev (Ed.), Bosporskii fenomen. Iskusstvo na periferii antichnogo mira [Bosporan Phenomenon. Art on the Ancient World Periphery] (pp. 70–77). St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriia.
Ermolin, A. (2012). Džurga-Oba – a Cemetery of the Great Migration Period in the Cimmerian Bosporus. In V. Ivanišević, & M. Kazanski (Eds.), The Pontic- Danubian Realm in the Period of the Great Migration (pp. 340–348). Paris: ACHByz.
Kazanski, M., & Akhmedov, I. (2007). La tombe de Mundolsheim (Bas- Rhin). Un chef militaire nomade au service de Rome. In J. Tejral (Ed.), Barbaren im Wandel. Beiträge zur Kultur – und Identtätsumbildung in der Völkerwanderungszeit (pp. 173–197). Brno: Archäologisches Institut der Akademie der Wisseschaften der Tcherchischen Republik Brno.
Kazanski, M. M., & Mastykova, A. V. (2023). Prestizhnoe oruzhie, konskoe snariazhenie i voinskii ubor epokhi Velikogo pereseleniia narodov na Bospore Kimmeriiskom [Prestigious Weapons, Horse Tack, and Military Attire from the Great Migration Period in the Cimmerian Bosporos]. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii, 28, 167–217.
Khairedinova, E. A. (2023). Ser’gi-kalachiki iz Kryma [Crescent-shaped Earrings from the Crimea]. In A. I. Aibabin, & E. A. Hairedinova (Eds.), Imperium et Barbaricum: vzaimodeistvie tsivilizatsii: sbornik statei v chest’ 70-letiia M. M. Kazanskogo [Imperium et Barbaricum: Interaction of Civilizations: Papers Collected in Honour of Michel Kazanski’s 70th Birthday] (pp. 210–218). Simferopol: Antikva.
Lysenko, A. V., & Yurochkin, V. Yu. (2004). Nekropol’ Pantikapeia-Bospora (po materialam issledovanii 2000–2002 g.) [Cemetery of Pantikapaion-Bosporos, according to 2000–2002 Research Materials]. In I. B. Teslenko (Ed.), O drevnostiakh Iuzhnogo berega Kryma i gor tavricheskikh [On the Antiquities of the Southern Coast of the Crimea and the Tauric Mountains] (pp. 94–166). Kiev: Stilos.
Malashev, V. Yu. (2000). Periodizatsiia remennykh garnitur pozdnesarmatskogo vremeni [Periodization of Belt Sets from the Late Sarmatian Period]. In Yu. K. Guguev (Ed.), Sarmaty i ikh sosedi na Donu: materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologi Dona [Sarmatians and Their Neighbours on the Don: Materials and Researches on Archaeology of the Don] (Iss. 1, pp. 194–232). Rostov-on-Don: Terra.
Marchenko, I. D. (1956). Raskopki vostochnogo nekropolia Fanagorii v 1950–1951 gg. [Excavations of the Eastern Cemetery of Phanagoreia in 1950– 1951]. In A. P. Smirnov (Ed.), Fanagoriia [Fanagoreia] (pp. 102–127). Moscow: Akademiia nauk SSSR.
Maslennikov, A. A. (1997). Semeinye sklepy sel’skogo naseleniia pozdneantichnogo Bospora [Family Burial Vaults of the Rural Population of the Late Antique Bosporos]. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology.
Mastykova, A. V. (2005). Sredizemnomorskii zhenskii kostium s fibulami- broshami na Severnom Kavkaze v V–VI vv. [Mediterranean Women’s Costume with Brooches in the North Caucasus in the Fifth and Sixth Century]. Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, 1, 22–36.
Mastykova, A. V. (2009). Zhenskii kostium Tsentral’nogo i Zapadnogo Predkavkaz’ia v kontse IV – seredine VI v. n. e. [Women’s Costume in the Central and Western Ciscaucasia from the Late Fourth to the Mid-Sixth Centuries AD]. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology.
Mastykova, A.V. (2011). Zhenskii kostium cherniakhovskoi kul’tury s dvuplastinchatymi fibulami [Women’s Costume of the Cherniakhov Culture with Two-Plate Brooches]. In O. V. Sharov (Ed.), Peterburgskii Apokrif. Poslanie ot Marka [The Petersburg Apocrypha: Mark’s Epistle] (pp. 341–365). Chişinău: University “High Anthropological School”.
Mastykova, A. V. (2014). Kniazheskii kostium s zolotymi applikatsiiami v epokhu Velikogo pereseleniia narodov [Princely Costume with Gold Appliques in the Great Migration Period]. Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta arkheologii, 232, 136–150.
Mastykova, A. V. (2016). Zerkala tipa Karpovka: k voprosu o formirovanii saltovo-maiatskoi kul’tury Srednego Dona [Karpovka Type Mirrors: For the Question of the Shaping of the Saltovo-Maiaki Culture in the Middle Don Area]. Divnogorskii sbornik, 6, 241–254.
Mastykova, A. V. (2019a). Krym – Dunai – Jutlandiia: braslety i tsepi s zoomorfnymi elementami v “kniazheskoi” kul’ture epokhi Velikogo pereseleniia narodov [Crimea – Danube – Jutland: Bracelets and Chains with Zoomorphic Elements in the “Princely” Culture from the Great Migration Period]. In N. A. Alekseenko (Ed.), Chersonos Themata 2: Miry Vizantii [Chersonos Themata 2: Worlds of Byzantium] (pp. 35–48). Simferopol: Institute of Archaeology of the Crimea.
Mastykova, A. V. (2019b). O brasletakh s zoomorfnymi okonchaniiami iz mogil’nika Dzhurga-Oba v Vostochnom Krymu (epokha Velikogo pereseleniia narodov) [On the Bracelets with Zoomorphic Endings from Dzhurga-Oba Cemetery in the Eastern Crimea (Great Migration Period)]. Nizhnevolzhskii arkheologicheskii vestnik, 18(2), 169–180.
Mastykova, A. V. (2020a). Nekotorye elementy zhenskogo ubora osedlogo naseleniia pogranich’ia stepi v epokhu Velikogo pereseleniia narodov: migratsiia ili moda? [Some Elements of Women’s Attire of the Sedentary Population of the Borderland Steppe in the Great Migration Periods: Migration or Fashion?]. Stratum plus, 5, 75–90.
Mastykova, A. V. (2020b). Zerkala tipa Karpovka – Anke-4 na Severnom Kavkaze i v Severnom Prichernomor’e: proishozhdenie, rasprostranenie, datirovka [Karpovka – Anke-4 Type Mirrors in the North Caucasus and the Northern Black Sea Area: Their Origin, Distribution, Chronology]. In M. S. Gadzhiev (Ed.), XXXI Krupnovskie chteniia “Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Kavkaza: aktual’nye problemy izucheniia i sokhraneniia” [31st Krupnov Readings “Archaeological Heritage of the Caucasus: Current Aspects of Research and Preservation”] (pp. 389–391). Makhachkala: Mavraev.
Mastykova, A. V. (2021a). Zolotye ozherel’ia s udlinennymi podveskami epokhi Velikogo pereseleniia narodov i ikh sredizemnomorsko-pontiiskie istoki [Migration- Period Gold Necklaces with Elongated Pendants and Their Mediterranean-Pontic Origins]. In N. A. Alekseienko (Ed.), XIII Mezhdunarodnyi Vizantiiskii seminar “CHERSONOS THEMATA: imperiia i polis”: materialy nauchnoi konferentsii [13th International Byzantine Seminar “CHERSONOS THEMATA: Empire and Polis”: Materials of the Scholarly Conference] (pp. 191–200). Simferopol: Arial.
Mastykova, A. V. (2021b). Zolotye applikatsii i trubochki-pronizi v prestizhnom zhenskom kostiume v gunnskoe vremia [Gold Appliques and Ornamental Tubes in the Prestigious Women’s Costume from the Hunnic Period]. Arkheologicheskoe nasledie, 1(4), 146–159.
Mastykova, A. V. (2022). Metallicheskie zerkala s poseleniia Staevo [Metal Mirrors from the Settlement of Staevo]. In A. M. Oblomsky (Ed.), Torgovo-remeslennyi kompleks u s. Staevo v verhov’iakh r. Voronezh (konets V–VII vv.) i nekotorye problemy arkheologii Verkhnego Podon’ia epokhi rannego Srednevekov’ia [Trade and Craft Complex near the Village of Staevo in the Upper Reaches of the Voronezh River (Late Fifth and Seventh Centuries) and Some Aspects of the Archaeology of the Upper Don Area in the Early Middle Ages] (pp. 85–94, 436–442). Moscow; St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriia.
Mastykova, A. V. (2024). Zolotye ozherel’ia gunnskogo vremeni tipa Granada- Albaisin v Severnom Prichernomor’e [Gold Necklaces from the Hunnic Period of the Granada-Albaisin Type in the Northern Black Sea Area]. Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta arkheologii, 274, 196–216.
Mastykova, A. V., & Kazanski, M. M. (2005). O proiskhozhdenii “kniazheskogo” kostiuma varvarov gunnskogo vremeni (gorizont Unterzibenbrunn) [On the Origin of the “Princely” Costume of the Barbarians of the Hunnic Period (Untersiebenbrunn Horizon)]. In I. V. Belotserkovskaya (Ed.), II Gorodtsovskie chteniia [2nd Gorodtsov Readings] (pp. 253–267). Moscow: State Historical Museum.
Mastykova, A. V., Kazanski, M. M., & Saprykina, I. A. (2016). Pashkovskii mogil’nik № 1. T. 2: Issledovanie materialov Pashkovskogo mogil’nika № 1 [Pashkovskii Cemetery No. 1, Vol. 2: Researching the Materials of Pashkovskii Cemetery No. 1]. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology.
Medvedev, A. P. (2011). Pozdneantichnyi nekropol’ Fanagorii (po materialam raskopok 2005 g.) [Late Antique Cemetery of Phanagoreia (According to 2005 Excavations)]. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriia: istoriia, politologiia, sotsiologiia, 1, 32–37.
Medvedev, A. P. (2013). Pozdneantichnyi nekropol’ Fanagorii IV–V vv. (raskopki 2005 g.) [Late Antique Cemetery of Phanagoreia, Fourth and Fifth Century (2005 Excavations)]. In V. D. Kuznetsov (Ed.), Materialy po arkheologii i istorii Fanagorii [Materials on the Archaeology of Phanagoreia] (Iss. 1, pp. 330–402). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology.
Opreanu, C. H., & Luca, S. A. (2007). Die Gräber der Völkerwanderungszeit von Miercurea Sibiului (jud. Sibiu). Archäologiches Korrspondenzblatt, 37(4), 563–568.
L’Or des princes barbares. Du Caucase à la Gule Ve siècle après J.-C. (2000). Paris: Paris-Musées.
Pilet, C. (2008). Le trésor d’Airan (Normandie, France). In J.-J. Aillagon (Ed.), Rome et les Barbares. La naissance d’un nouvel monde (pp. 268–271). Venise: Skira.
Quast, D. (1999). Cloisonierte Scheibenfibeln aus Achmim – Pentapolis. Archäologisches Korrepondenzblatt, 29, 111–124.
Ščukin, M., Kazanski, M., & Sharov, O. (2006). Des Goths aux Huns: le Nord de la mer Noire au Bas-Empire et à l’époque des Grandes Migrations. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges, Ltd.
Sharov, O. V. (2022). Bosporskoe tsarstvo i varvarskii mir Tsentral’noi i Vostochnoi Evropy v pozdnerimskuiu epokhu (seredina II – seredina IV vv.) [Bosporan Kingdom and Barbarian World of Central and Eastern Europe in the Late Roman Period, Mid-Second to Mid-Fourth Century)]. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology.
Shkorpil, V. V (1907). Otchet o rabote v Kerchi v 1904 g. [1904 Report on the Works in Kerch]. Izvestiia Arkheologicheskoi komissii, 25, 1–66.
Strokov, A. A. (2018). K izucheniiu sotsial’noi struktury pozdneantichnogo Aziatskogo Bospora [For the Study of the Social Structure of the Late Antique Asian Bosporos]. Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, 1, 17–35.
Tejral, J. (2011). Einheimische und Fremde. Das norddanubische Gebet zur Zeit der Völkerwanderung. Brno: Archäologisches Institut AW CR.
Trejster, M. Yu. (2015). Zoloto Fanagorii. Tipologicheskii, stilisticheskii i khronologicheskii analiz [Gold of Phanagoreia. Typological, Stylistic, and Chronological Analysis]. In M. Yu. Trejster (Ed.), Zoloto Fanagorii [Gold of Phanagoreia] (pp. 77–181). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology.
Tunkina, I. V., Zastrozhnova, E. G., & Sharov, O. V. (2018). Pervoe zoloto Fanagorii: “braslet Van der Veide” [First Gold of Phanagoreia: Van der Weide Bracelet]. Stratum plus, 4, 371–383.
Voroshilov, A. N., & Voroshilova, O. M. (2019). Tainik v pozdneantichnom sklepe Fanagorii (predvaritel’naia publikatsiia) [Cache in a Late Antique Burial Vault in Phanagoreia (A Preliminary Publication)]. Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta arkheologii, 257, 174–181.
Voroshilova, O. M. (2011). Pozdneantichnoe pogrebenie s monetami iz nekropolia Fanagorii [Late Antique Coins Grave from the Cemetery of Phanagoreia]. Problemy istorii, filologii, kul’tury, 4, 137–145.
Voroshilova, O. M. (2013). Sklep pozdneantichnogo vremeni iz raskopok Fanagorii v 2011 g. [Burial Vault from the Late Antique Period Excavated at Phanagoreia in 2011]. Stratum plus, 4, 123–131.
Werner, J. (1956). Beiträge zur Archäologie des Attila-Rechies. München: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Zasetskaya, I. P. (1982). Klassifikatsiia polikhromnykh izdelii gunnskoi epokhi po stilisticheskim dannym [Classification of Polychrome Artefacts from the Hunnic Age according to Their Style]. In A. K. Ambroz, & I. F. Jerdeli (Eds.), Drevnosti epokhi Velikogo pereseleniia narodov V–VIII vekov: Sovetsko-vengerskii sbornik [Antiquities of the Great Migration Period, Fifth to Eighth Century: A Soviet- Hungarian Collection of Papers] (pp. 14–30). Moscow: Nauka.
Zasetskaya, I. P. (1993). Materialy Bosporskogo nekropolia vtoroi poloviny IV – pervoi poloviny V vv. n. e. [Materials of the Bosporan Cemetery from the Second Half of the Fourth to the First Half of the Fifth Centuries AD]. Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii, 3, 23–105.
Zin’ko, E. A. (2002). Issledovanie nekropolia Pantikapeia v 2001 godu [2001 Investigation of the Cemetery of Pantikapaion]. In V. N. Zin’ko (Ed.), Bospor Kimmeriiskii, Pont i varvarskii mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov’ia [Cimmerian Bosporos, Pontos, and Barbarian World in Antiquity Middle Ages] (pp. 100–105). Kerch: Demetra.
© (website) Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б. Н. Ельцина
E-mail: adsv-press@yandex.ru