ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ РЕНТГЕНОФЛУОРЕСЦЕНТНОГО АНАЛИЗА В БИОЛОГИИ И МЕДИЦИНЕ
Аннотация
В настоящее время рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ (РФА) широко используется для определения содержаний элементов в различных материалах при биологических исследованиях. В обзоре рассмотрены достижения, связанные с особенностями такого применения метода РФА. Рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ в большинстве случаев является недеструктивным методом, который доказал свой потенциал для измерения концентраций элементов с высоким атомным номером Z в органах и тканях в естественных условиях (in vivo). Основные области применения метода в биологии и медицине: определение содержаний основных и токсичных элементов в растениях, образцах костей, зубов, волос, ногтей и тканей жизненно важных органов, жидкостей организма, таких как кровь, сыворотка, плазма, слюна, урина и др. Как правило, эти исследования являются частью прикладных программ, включающих экологические и метаболические исследования населения, в т.ч. влияние профессиональных факторов. Применительно к биологическим материалам обсуждены преимущества РФА. Отмечено, что на результат анализа практически не влияет форма нахождения элемента в образце. В последние годы сконструирован ряд новых моделей спектрометров РФА, в которых используются поликапиллярные линзы и полулинзы в качестве коллимирующих систем. Это важно в случае применения in vivo рентгенофлуоресцентного определения некоторых элементов в костях и тканях. Динамичное развитие характерно для детекторов с термоэлектрическим охлаждением. Обсуждены варианты приготовления биологических материалов к анализу (измельчение, сухое или мокрое озоление, разложение кислотами, применение суспензий в случае РФА с полным внешним отражением). Представлены результаты оценки взаимных влияний элементов при РФА материалов растительного происхождения, в т.ч. трав, пряностей, яблочных листьев, листьев берёзы и томата, чая, пшеничной, ржаной, рисовой, овсяной, льняной муки, фасоли, молотого и растворимого кофе. Рассмотрены примеры применения РФА при различного рода криминалистических исследованиях: отравления, фальсификации лекарств и торговых марок пищевых продуктов, зубных имплантов, идентификации останков. В обзоре представлены примеры участия учёных рентгенофизиков из России в решении рассматриваемых задач. Список литературы составляет 399 наименований в основном публикации последних 20 лет.
Ключевые слова: рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ, исследование образцов костей, волос, ногтей, крови, слюны, лекарств.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2020.24.4.005Полный текст:
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2020.24.4.005
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