ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ РАВНОВЕСНОЙ ТЕРМОДИНАМИКИ ДЛЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ТЕРМОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ В ДУГОВЫХ РАЗРЯДАХ, ПРИМЕНЯЕМЫХ В АТОМНО-ЭМИССИОННОМ СПЕКТРАЛЬНОМ АНАЛИЗЕ (обзор)
Аннотация
До начала XXI века дуговой разряд являлся основным источником возбуждения атомных спектров элементов при проведении рутинного атомно-эмиссионного спектрального анализа. Широкое применение данного спектрального источника одновременно вызвало большой интерес аналитиков к изучению сложных термохимических процессов, протекающих на его электродах и в плазме разряда. Это было обусловлено необходимостью улучшения метрологических и информационных характеристик анализа. Очень часто для проведения таких исследований применялась равновесная термодинамика. Показано, что здесь можно выделить три уровня термодинамического подхода, различающихся по сложности применяемого аппарата термодинамики и информативности получаемых результатов. Приведены многочисленные примеры применения этих уровней подхода к изучению термохимических процессов, протекающих в электроде или в плазме разряда. Отмечены основные достоинства и недостатки использованных подходов, которые дают только качественную информацию о протекающих процессах. Главным недостатком является невозможность по исходному составу конденсированной пробы прогнозировать состав плазмы дуги. Наиболее информативна обобщенная термодинамическая модель термохимических процессов в дуговом разряде постоянного тока с поверхности пробы и из кратера электрода. В основу модели положено разбиение нестационарной неравновесной системы дугового разряда на последовательные квазистационарные подсистемы. Они соответствуют стадии испарения пробы и термохимического преобразования ее компонентов в плазме разряда. Согласно модели, первоначально проводится расчет полного равновесного состава испаряемой пробы. Это определяет исходный состав плазмы дуги. Затем выполняется расчет полного равновесного состава дуговой плазмы и переход к интенсивностям спектральных линий аналитов. Правильность обобщенной модели, дающей полуколичественные результаты, подтверждена сопоставлением с экспериментальными данными.
Ключевые слова: атомно-эмиссионный спектральный анализ, равновесная термодинамика, дуговой разряд, термодинамическое равновесие, кратер электрода, плазма разряда, термохимические процессы, уровни термодинамического подхода, частный и полный термодинамический анализ
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2022.26.2.003
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